Sisitemu z'itumanaho

1. Antena: Antena ni ingenzi mu buryo bw'itumanaho, ihindura ikimenyetso cy'amashanyarazi kiva mu nsinga kikajya mu miraba ya electromagnetic hanyuma igatanga urumuri kugira ngo ikimenyetso gihererekanywe kandi cyakirwe.

2. Ibipimo by'ingufu: Ibipimo by'ingufu bihoraho bikoreshwa mu kugenzura urwego rw'ingufu z'ibimenyetso, muri rusange bikoreshwa mu kugabanya imbaraga z'ibimenyetso kugira ngo bihuze n'ibikenewe mu igeragezwa, gupima, no gukemura ibibazo. Muri sisitemu z'itumanaho, ibipimo by'ingufu bihoraho bishobora gukoreshwa mu guhindura imbaraga z'ibimenyetso, kugabanya urusaku, no gukumira umutwaro mwinshi.

3. Umutwaro udahinduka: Inshingano nyamukuru y'umutwaro udahinduka ni ugutanga impedance idahinduka, yagenwe mbere yo kwigana umutwaro w'ibikoresho runaka mu igerageza, gukosora amakosa cyangwa gupima. Muri sisitemu z'itumanaho, imizigo idahinduka ikoreshwa mu gukuraho reflection na records mu miyoboro kugira ngo sisitemu ihamye kandi yiringire.